![]() We expect that neutron imaging will become instrumental in the research and development of advanced dilution refrigerators. ![]() Our results demonstrate that neutron imaging applied to the study of dilution refrigeration processes can provide essential information for developers of ultra-low temperature systems. We observe the refrigerator behaviour in different regimes, such as continuous circulation and single shot, and show that our method allows investigation of various failure modes. This allows direct observation of the dilution process in 3He/ 4He mixtures and opens an opportunity for direct measurement of the 3He concentration. Here we show direct imaging of an operational dilution refrigerator using neutron radiography. However, the lack of methods that allow the measurement of physical parameters of liquid helium during the operation of a dilution refrigerator was hindering development of the technology. For decades the quantum fluids research community provided valuable information to engineers and designers involved in the development of advanced dilution refrigerators. ![]() ![]() Development of dilution refrigeration technology requires thorough understanding of the quantum mechanical processes that take place in liquid helium at ultra-low temperatures. Dilution refrigerators became essential for providing ultra-low temperature environments for nuclear demagnetisation experiments, superconducting-qubit quantum processors and highly sensitive bolometers used in fundamental physics experiments. The invention of the 3He/ 4He dilution refrigerator opened a new chapter in experimental ultra-low temperature physics. ![]()
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